Carbon molecule with a charge could be tomorrow's semiconductor
Virginia Tech chemistry Professor Harry Dorn has developed a new area of fullerene chemistry that may be the backbone for development of molecular semiconductors and quantum computing applications.
Dorn plays with the hollow carbon molecules known as fullerenes as if they are tinker toys. First, in 1999, he figured out how to put atoms inside the 80-atom molecule, then how to do it reliably, how to change the number of atoms forming the carbon cage, and how to change the number and kinds of atoms inside the cage, resulting in a new, more sensitive MRI material and a vehicle to deliver radioactive atoms for applications in nuclear medicine.
As part of the research to place gadolinium atoms inside the carbon cage for MRI applications, Dorn created an 80-atom carbon molecule with two yttrium ions inside. Then he began to fool with the materials of the cage itself. He replaced one of the 80 atoms of carbon with an atom of nitrogen (providing Y2@C79N). This change leaves the nitrogen atom with an extra electron. Dorn discovered that the extra electron, instead of being on the nitrogen atom on the fullerene cage surface, ducks inside between the yttrium ions, forming a one-electron bond. “Basically, a very unusual one electron bond between two yttrium atoms,” he said.
Discovery of this new class of stable molecules (M2@C79N ) was supported by computational studies by Daniel Crawford, associate professor of chemistry at Virginia Tech, and the structure was confirmed by X-ray crystallographic studies by Alan Balch , professor of chemistry at the University of California, Davis.
This research is reported in the Sept. 6, 2008, online issue of the Journal of the American Chemical Society (JACS), in an article by Dorn and his colleagues at Virginia Tech and UC Davis.* The article does not speculate about potential applications, but Dorn does.
“No one has done anything like this,” said Dorn. “Since the article was published, we now know that we can take the electron back out of the fullerene cage.”
He said the discovery could be important to the new fields of spintronics, molecular electronics, and micro to nanoscale electronics, as well as the new field of quantum computing.
“The single electron bonded-diatomic yttrium has unique spin properties that can be altered. Increasing the polarization of this spin could be important for improving the sensitivity of MRI and NMR (nuclear magnetic resonance), he said.
But more interesting are the electronic applications. “If we replace one of the carbon atoms with boron instead of nitrogen, we would be an electron short, instead of having an extra electron. Now you have the components of a semiconductor,” Dorn said.
“I don’t know whether it is important yet or not,” he said. “People have been working on adding a nitrogen atom to standard 60-carbon fullerene.”
*The JACS article is “M2@C79N (M ) Y, Tb): Isolation and Characterization of Stable Endohedral Metallofullerenes Exhibiting M-M Bonding Interactions inside Aza[80]fullerene Cages,” by Tianming Zuo, Liaosa Xu, Christine M. Beavers, Marilyn M. Olmstead, Wujun Fu, Crawford, Balch, and Dorn. Zuo recently received his Ph.D. in chemistry from Virginia Tech and is now a postdoctoral associate at Clemson University. Xu and Fu are graduate students in chemistry at Virginia Tech. Beavers is a graduate student and Olmstead is a faculty member with the chemistry department at the University of California, Davis. Corresponding authors are Balch and Dorn. Read more online.
